Wheel fastener alarm

ABSTRACT

A wheel fastener alarm is provided with a fastener body, a cap covering the fastener body, a sensor array disposed within the fastener body, and a cover disposed over an opening in the fastener body and a hole in the cap.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present patent document is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisionalpatent application Ser. No. 16/127,999, filed Sep. 11, 2018 (now U.S.Pat. No. 10,421,433), which is a continuation of U.S. Non-Provisionalpatent application Ser. No. 15/788,204, filed Oct. 19, 2017 (now U.S.Pat. No. 10,099,655), which claims the benefit of the filing date under35 U.S.C. § 119(e) of Provisional U.S. Patent Application Ser. No.62/414,444, filed Oct. 28, 2016. All of the foregoing applications arehereby incorporated by reference.

BACKGROUND

The present inventions relate generally to wheel fasteners, and moreparticularly, to a wheel fastener alarm.

Wheel fastener locks are used on many types of vehicles to preventunauthorized removal and theft of vehicle wheels. Conventional wheelfastener locks require a special tool to remove the wheel fastenerattached to the wheel. Thieves may circumvent the need for a specialtool to remove conventional wheel fastener locks by breaking the wheelfastener off the wheel stud, such as with a strike bar. Accordingly,there is a need for an improved wheel fastener lock.

SUMMARY

A wheel fastener alarm is described, including a nut body comprising acavity extending longitudinally through the nut body and comprising aninternal thread along at least a bottom portion of the cavity; a capdisposed around a top portion of the nut body and secured to the nutbody, wherein the cap has an opening in the end of the cap, the openingdisposed over the cavity; a non-metallic cover disposed over theopening; and a sensor array disposed within the cavity, the sensor arrayincluding a sensor configured to detect an attribute of a wheel studwithin the nut body and generate output information, a processorconfigured to generate a signal based on the output information, atransmitter configured to send the signal to a remote location, and apower supply configured to provide power to the sensor, processor, andtransmitter.

The inventions herein may include any of the following aspects invarious combinations and may also include any other aspect describedbelow in the written description or in the attached drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may be more fully understood by reading the followingdescription in conjunction with the drawings.

FIG. 1 is a schematic of a wheel fastener alarm.

FIG. 2 is a schematic of a sensor array of a wheel fastener alarm.

FIGS. 3A and 3B are a side cross-sectional view and an end view of acapped wheel nut of a wheel fastener alarm.

FIGS. 4A-4C are end and side views of a wheel nut cap of a wheelfastener alarm.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a sensor array of a wheel fastener alarm.

FIG. 6 is a schematic of a sensor array of another wheel fastener alarm;

FIG. 7 is a flow chart of a method of operating a wheel fastener alarm.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Referring now to the figures, wheel fastener alarm 100 includes a cappedautomotive wheel nut 102, as shown in FIG. 1. In some embodiments, thecapped automotive wheel nut 102 may be a stainless steel cappedautomotive wheel nut. The top portion of the nut body 104, including thewrenching surfaces 106, may be covered by cap 108 that could be made ofstainless or another appropriate capping material. Thus, when the wheelnut 102 is installed on a wheel stud 112, the nut body 104 itself is notvisible to casual observers, and the cap 108 is the only part of the nutthat is readily visible. However, the bottom portion of the nut body 110is not covered by the cap 108 so that the nut 102 can be threaded ontothe wheel stud 112 without the cap 108 interfering with the engagementof the nut threads 114 and stud threads 116.

Wheel fastener alarm 100 also includes a sensor array 118 to detect anattribute of wheel stud 112 within wheel nut 102. The attribute may beinformation used to detect an alarm condition related to wheel nut 102,such as if wheel nut 102 is being removed from wheel stud 112.Attributes may include, for example, the position or location of thewheel stud within the wheel nut, an acceleration value of the wheel nut,a magnetic field around the wheel nut, shock value of wheel nut, avibration value of the wheel nut on the wheel stud, or a temperature ofthe wheel nut. Sensor array 118 may be designed to fit within cavity 120in wheel nut 102. Sensor array 118 may be integral with wheel nut 102.Wheel nut 102 may be sized similarly to a conventional wheel nut. Forexample, the amount of space within cavity 120 to house sensor array 118may be a cylindrical space approximately 15 mm wide by 14 mm long.Depending on the length of wheel stud 112, the amount of available spacemay be reduced to approximately 9 mm. Sensor array 118 may use a varietyof methods (as discussed below) to detect the attribute of wheel stud112.

Sensor array 118 may transmit a signal to receiver 122 regarding theattribute, such as detection or lack of detection of wheel stud 112within wheel nut 102. The signal may indicate that wheel nut 102 isattached to or detached from wheel stud 112. Accordingly, the signal maybe an indication that wheel nut 102 is being removed from wheel stud112. Receiver 122 may relay the signal to an alarm controller 124. Alarmcontroller 124 may be a controller for a vehicle alarm system.Accordingly, wheel fastener alarm 100 may be in communication with thevehicle's electronic systems, such as the vehicle's alarm system. Alarmcontroller 124 may activate the vehicle's alarm system based on thesignal received from sensor array 118 regarding the status of wheel nut102. Attempting to remove or tamper with wheel fastener alarm 100 mayactivate the vehicle alarm system. When wheel fastener alarm 100 isremoved improperly, the vehicle alarm may generate sounds and initiateflashing lights. Similarly, if wheel fastener alarm 100 is damaged,sensor array 118 may send a signal indicating damage to alarm controller124 through receiver 122. Alarm controller 124 may then activate thevehicle's alarm system. Additionally or alternatively, alarm control 124may transmit a signal regarding the vehicle's alarm system to a remotedevice, such as a mobile phone, a tablet, or a computer. Receiver 122and alarm controller 124 may be located remotely from wheel nut 102 andwheel stud 112, such as in a different part of the vehicle or remotefrom the vehicle. Receiver 122 may include CAN and LIN buses to allowreceiver 122 to be used as a development platform in some applications,such as when wheel fastener alarm 100 is installed by original equipmentmanufacturers.

Wheel fastener alarm 100 may use distributed processing to determine ifthe vehicle alarm system should be activated based on the signal fromsensor array 118. Wheel fastener alarm 100 may rely on alarm controller124 to process the signal from receiver 122 to determine if theattribute measured by sensor array 118 warrants activing the vehiclealarm system based on other information not available to wheel fasteneralarm 100, such as other sensors associated with the vehicle. Forexample, sensor array 118 may measure a temperature of wheel nut 102that deviates from a reference value, such as being lower than areference value, and may transmit a signal to receiver 122 indicatingthe measured temperature. Receiver 122 may send the signal to alarmcontroller 124. Alarm controller 124 may process the received signal anddetermine that the vehicle alarm system does not need to be activatedbecause other sensors on the vehicle are also measuring a temperaturedeviation, indicating that other portions of the vehicle are at thelower temperature, as opposed to just wheel nut 102 being at a lowertemperature. Other portions of the vehicle being at the lowertemperature may indicate that wheel nut 102 is not being removed fromthe vehicle, but may indicate instead that the vehicle is in a coldlocation.

Wheel fastener alarm 100 may include a cover 126 placed over an opening127 in the end of cap 108. Cover 126 may be non-conductive ornon-metallic to allow the signal from sensor array 118 to pass throughcover 126 and reach receiver 122. Cover 126 may, for example, becomposed of a polymer. Cover 126 may include any color or pattern toprovide a visual indication of the presence of wheel fastener alarm 100in order to decrease the probability that a thief attempts to steal thewheel that wheel fastener alarm is attached to. The color may be highlyvisible to an observer in comparison to the vehicle wheel and remainderof wheel fastener alarm 100. For example, cover 126 may be composed of ablue colored polymer to easily show an observer that the wheel nutattached to the wheel is a wheel fastener alarm 100.

Attenuation of the signal from sensor array 118 to receiver 122 due tothe metallic nature of wheel nut 102 and cap 108 may be minimized byadequately sizing opening 127 in the end of cap 108. The amount ofattenuation is dependent on the size of opening 127 and can beapproximated as:Attenuation (dB)=20 log(Δ/2a),where λ=wavelength and a=largest opening dimension.The required transmit power can be approximated as:Tx Power (dBm)=Rx Sensitivity (dBm)+2×antenna gain+path loss+cavityloss+vehicle attenuation.For an approximately 7.5 mm diameter opening 127, the transmit power isestimated as:Tx Power (dBm)=−112 dBm+(2×17 dB)+39.2 dB (at 5 meters)+33.3 dB+10 dB(estimated)Tx Power (dBm)=4.5 dBm minimum.Transmit power of approximately 4.5 dBm is achievable with many lowpower transmitters in the appropriate frequency range. The size ofopening 127 may be adjusted to reduce the required transmit power.

Wheel fastener alarm 100 may be removed from wheel stud 112 without anyspecial tools beyond the tools that are normally required to remove aconventional wheel nut. Wheel fastener alarm 100 does not require aspecial key, socket, or wrench to be removed. Wheel fastener alarm 100may be designed to operate on any type of vehicle and may tolerate theenvironmental and operating stresses associated with being mounted onthe tire/wheel assembly of any vehicle. Wheel fastener alarm 100 may becapable of operating within a temperature range of −40° C. to +85° C.

Wheel fastener alarm 100 is located on the wheel of a vehicle;accordingly, wheel fastener alarm 100 complies with design and testrequirements suitable for applications associated with vehicle wheels.Wheel fastener alarm 100 is compatible with steel and aluminum wheelmaterials, such as high strength low allow steel, hot rolled low carbonsteel, AA 356 aluminum, 6061 T6 aluminum, AA 5454 aluminum, and chromeclad wheels. Wheel fastener alarm 100 can withstand corrosion testing,such as 60 cycles of CETP: 00.00-R-311, or equivalent, without loss offunction, serviceability, or significant degradation in appearance,including any galvanic contribution to degraded wheel appearance. Anexample matrix of tests that wheel fastener alarm 100 may pass is listedbelow.

Test Description Example Criterion 100% Functional Evaluation Fullparametric characterization −40 to +85 C. Shipping/Storage −50 to +90 C.for 160 hrs Low Temperature Endurance −20 C. for 1000 hrs LowTemperature Operation −40 C. for 250 hrs High Temperature Endurance +85C. at 85% humidity for 500 hrs High Temperature Operation +85 C. for 800hrs Powered Thermal Cycle 500 cycles Thermal Shock Resistance 100 cyclesPowered Vibration 20 hrs Mechanical Shock And Drop 10 shocks per axis,10 drops from 1 m Humidity/Temperature Cycle −10 C. to +60 C. at 95%humidity for 250 hrs Water/Fluids Ingress IP X5 Salt Mist Atmosphere 96hrs Chemical Resistance Various Dust Test IP 5KX High Pressure Steam JetIP X9K Thermal Shock Endurance −40 to +85 C. for 500 hrs FCC Part 15Compliance Various EMC Compatibility/Immunity Various

Wheel fastener alarm 100 can be tested and programmed prior toinstallation on a vehicle. For example, a low power, low frequencyreceiver may be included in wheel fastener alarm 100 to allow testingand programming to occur on the assembly line or during service at avehicle's dealership.

Wheel fastener alarm 100 may use sensor array 118 to detect if wheel nut102 is loose or loosening from wheel stud 112. If sensor array 118detects the distance between sensor array 118 and wheel stud 112 isincreasing, sensor array 118 may transmit a signal to alarm controller124 indicating that wheel nut 102 is loose or loosening from wheel stud112. The signal may be an early indication of wheel nut 102 loosening,such that a vehicle operator may take corrective action and tightenwheel nut 102 before wheel nut 102 detaches from wheel stud 112.Similarly, wheel fastener 100 may indicate if an entire wheel is looseor loosening from a vehicle if wheel fastener 100 is installed on allthe wheel studs 112 of a vehicle's wheel. If one or more wheel fasteneralarms 100 are loose or loosening, alarm controller 124 may determinethat the wheel is loose and may signal the vehicle operator to takecorrective action.

Referring to FIG. 2, sensor array 118 may include components such asprocessor 228, transmitter 230, power supply 232, wheel stud sensor 234,motion sensor 236, shock sensor 238, accelerometer 250, geomagneticsensor 252, and temperature sensor 254.

Processor 228 may be implemented as a microprocessor, microcontroller,application specific integrated circuit (ASIC), discrete logic, or acombination of other types of circuits or logic. Numerous options existfor processor 228. For example, processor 228 may be a MicrochipPIC16LF1824T39A family of microcontrollers that include integrated radiofrequency transmitters. Processor 228 may be a Infineon SP370-25-106-0,a Freescale FXTH871511DT1, or a Melexis MLX91801. Freescale FXTH71511DT1may be the best of the integrated chip solutions, but may be moreexpensive than other options. The Microchip PIC16LF1824T39A may providea low cost solution with ample radio frequency output power, lowfrequency receive capability for service, the ability to auto arm/disarmin original equipment manufacturer applications, and other options toreduce system power consumption. Microchip PIC16LF1824T39A may alsointerface easily with the sensors used in wheel fastener alarm 100.

Power supply 232 may include a replaceable or rechargeable source ofpower, such as one or more batteries. The power supply 232 may besufficient to power wheel fastener alarm 100 for many years and in someinstances approximately 10 years. Additionally or alternatively, powersupply 232 may be sufficient to power wheel fastener alarm 100 for theamount of time it typically takes for a vehicle carrying wheel fasteneralarm 100 to travel approximately 100,000 miles. Power supply 232 mayfit in a cylindrical space approximately 12 mm in diameter and 5 mmdeep. Alternative spaces for power supply 232 may also be used. Powersupply 232 may be a custom designed battery or may be an off the shelfbattery, such as a CR1225 coin cell battery. Power supply 232 may be arechargeable lithium-ion battery that is charged remotely, such as by alow frequency receiver. Sensor array 118 may include additionalcircuitry and software to regulate charging power supply 232.Additionally or alternatively, an external charging station may be used.

Wheel stud sensor 234 may detect the position of wheel stud 112 withinwheel nut 102. The position of wheel stud 112 within wheel nut 102 maybe determined with an accuracy of approximately 1 mm. Wheel stud sensor234 may transmit a signal to processor 228 regarding the detection orlack of detection of wheel stud 112 within wheel nut 102. Processor 228may then utilize transmitter 230 to wirelessly send a signal to a remotelocation, such as receiver 122, regarding the position of wheel stud 112within wheel nut 102. As discussed previously, the vehicle's alarmsystem may activate if wheel stud sensor 234 does not detect wheel stud112 within wheel nut 102. Processor 228 may also periodically utilizetransmitter 230 to transmit a signal indicating that wheel stud 112 islocated within wheel nut 102 and confirm that wheel fastener alarm 100is operational.

Transmitter 230 may communicate with the vehicle's alarm system usingthe existing vehicle systems, such as the tire pressure managementsystem or remote keyless entry system. Communication with the vehicle'ssystems may utilize the vehicle's low power radio frequency data link atapproximately 315 MHz or 434 MHz. The use of existing vehiclecommunication systems by wheel fastener alarm 100 may not interfere withexisting vehicle systems because wheel fastener alarm 100 may transmitmost often when the existing vehicle systems are not transmitting. Forexample, the tire pressure management system transmits most often whenthe vehicle is moving, whereas wheel fastener alarm 100 may onlytransmit when the vehicle is stationary. Additionally or alternatively,a separate radio frequency receiver may be used to establishcommunication between transmitter 230 and the vehicle's systems.

Wheel stud sensor 234 may use a variety of methods to detect theposition of wheel stud 112 within wheel fastener alarm 100. The tablebelow provides characteristics for capacitive, magnetic, inductive, andoptical methods of detection.

Inductance to Design Inductive Hall Digital Description RequirementCapacitive Effect Converter Optical Equipment Microchip TI DRV5013 TIAMS TMD PIC16LF1824T39A and Microchip LDC1101DR 27723 Package Size N/A(part of control L: 2.9 mm L: 3 mm L: 3.94 mm IC) W: 2.37 mm W: 3 mm W:2.36 mm H: 1 mm H: 0.9 mm H: 1.35 mm Plus Magnet Field Type ElectricMagnetic Magnetic Light Detection 1-5 mm 0-1.7 mm 1-3.5 mm 0-4.5 mm 1-15mm Range Supply Voltage 2.5-3.0 VDC 1.8-3.6 VDC 2.5-5.5 VDC 1.71-3.46VDC 2.6-3.6 VDC Supply Current 35 uA 2.7 mA 3.2 mA 12.5 mA (Active)Detection Time 20 us 50 us 2 ms 2.8 ms Wake From Desirable Yes PossiblyNo Yes Sleep Emitter/Detector PCB Trace Magnet/IC PCB Trace LED Type I/OControl Pins 2 2 5 4 Required Complexity Low High Low Low (requirescustom design magnet) Operating −40 C. to +85 C. −40 C. to +85 C. −40 C.to +85 C. −30 C. to +85 C. Temperature Range Base Cost (IC $0 (part ofcontrol $0.29/3000 $2.99/3000 $1.15/2500 only) IC) (excluding magnet)

Capacitive proximity sensors produce an electric field and can be usedto sense a variety of materials such as metal, solids, liquids, or thehuman hand. Introducing an object into the electric field results in achange in capacitance that is measurable. A capacitive sensor can beimplemented using PCB traces combined with a capacitor and seriesresistor as the sensing element. Only two processor pins are requiredfor control resulting in a very inexpensive solution. In addition to thelow cost and component count, capacitive proximity sensors consume verylittle power. Experiments with capacitive proximity sensors using a 5 mmPCB sensing element demonstrate a maximum detection range of a wheelstud in a wheel nut of 1.7 mm. Larger sensing elements increase thedetection range. However, the nut body in close proximity to the largersensing element may have the effect of shorting the electric field. Thismay make it difficult to differentiate between the wheel stud and thewheel nut, so the wheel stud position cannot be detected reliably. Theshorting effect can be mitigated somewhat by the choice of a sensingelement with small geometry relative to the wheel nut size. This smallersensing element significantly affects range, resulting in a maximumdetection of approximately 1.7 mm with a 5 mm sensing element. While thecapacitive sensing method could normally be used to reliably detect thestud, the presence of the fastener body may make it impractical. Onepossible improvement would be the use of a less ferrous material such asstainless steel for the wheel nut body.

Magnetic (Inductive Hall Effect) sensors vary their output voltage inresponse to a magnetic field. The common implementation, such as aproximity switch, simply senses the presence of the field generated by amagnet. More complex implementations are possible where metallic objectsin close proximity alter the magnetic field and cause a measurablechange to the output voltage of the sensor. Operation of the sensor isdependent upon characteristics of the magnetic materials and lot to lotdistribution of the magnets along with the physical placement of themagnet, electronics, and object being detected in the final system.Magnetic sensors are unaffected by harsh environments and can have avery long service life. Placing a magnet on the wheel stud so it can beeasily detected by the Hall Effect element may present problems for usewith wheel fastener alarm 100 due to the service aspect where the magnetcould be damaged or the wheel fastener alarm 100 inadvertently installedon the wrong wheel stud. If the magnet were incorporated with theelectronics, concerns may include the available packaging space,achieving the necessary spacing and geometry to detect the wheel studproperly, and the ability to calibrate out the effects of the wheelfastener body.

Inductive sensors typically utilize an oscillator in combination with aresonant LC (inductor-capacitor) coil as a means for sensing thepresence of an object such as metal. The magnetic field radiated by thecoil induces eddy currents in the conductive object which alters theoscillator performance. This performance change is directly related tothe distance between the metal object and the LC coil. As an example ofan inductive sensor, the TI LDC1101 can simultaneously measure theimpedance and resonant frequency of an LC resonator with very highresolution allowing it to sense the proximity and movement of conductivematerials. By monitoring the amount of power injected into theresonator, the LDC1101 determines the equivalent parallel resistance ofthe resonator which it returns as a digital value. It also measures theoscillation frequency of the LC circuit by comparing the sensorfrequency to a reference frequency which can then be used to determinethe inductance of the LC circuit. Tests show that presence of the wheelstud within the wheel nut is detectable over an approximately 1-4.5 mmrange using the LDC1101. Calibration of the inductive sensor may berequired to minimize the effects of the wheel nut body on detecting thewheel stud. Given the low component count and ability to compensate forthe effects of the fastener body, an inductive sensor may be a goodsolution for sensing the position of the wheel stud. A further advantageis that the LDC1101 will operate to approximately 1.8V. If paired withthe PIC16LF1824T39A processor option, the potential for significantreduction in current consumption is possible.

Optical sensors may have the potential for best detection range whensensing the wheel stud. For example, the AMS TMD 27723 integrates ahighly focused LED light source and detector that will provide anapproximately 15 mm sensing range. A primary concern with opticalsensing is dust, dirt, or debris in the wheel nut cavity. Reflectionsfrom the inside wall of the wheel nut must also be accounted for withthe possibility that the walls would require a non-reflective coating.In the case of the TMD 27723, current consumption at the lowestintensity setting is significantly more than other sensing options,which may require a custom power supply.

Motion sensor 236 may inhibit the wheel stud 112 sensing function ofwheel fastener alarm 100 when the vehicle is in motion. Additionally oralternatively, motion sensor 236 may prevent transmitter 230 fromsending a signal regarding the status of wheel stud 112 or may instructalarm controller 124 to disregard the signal when the vehicle is inmotion. Wheel fastener alarm 100 may only be activated and/or operate tosignal theft of a wheel when the vehicle is parked. Accordingly, wheelfastener alarm 100 may automatically not be used when the vehicle is inmotion and may automatically arm when the vehicle is stationary.Restricting the use of wheel fastener alarm 100 to when the vehicle isstationary may decrease power consumption. Motion sensor 236 may be aball bearing type switch to sense motion to arm/disarm wheel fasteneralarm 100. A ball bearing style sensor has the advantage of being usedin other vehicular applications and having low power consumption. Motionsensor 236 may also be an accelerometer to detect when wheel fasteneralarm 100 is moving.

In addition or alternative to motion sensor 236, wheel fastener alarm100 may be armed or disarmed based on the presence of a keyfob for thevehicle. Similar to the unlock/lock functions of the vehicle's doors,the presence of a keyfob within an adequate distance of the vehicle mayarm/disarm wheel fastener alarm 100. For example, if the owner of thevehicle has the keyfob near the vehicle, wheel fastener alarm 100 mayautomatically be disarmed to allow the owner to remove wheel fasteneralarm 100 from wheel stud 112, such as to change a tire, without settingoff the vehicle's alarm system.

Wheel fastener alarm 100 may also be armed/disarmed through a remotedevice, such as a mobile phone, a tablet, or a computer. A user may alsobe able to determine the status of wheel fastener alarm 100 through aremote device, such as if it is operating properly or if it hasinitiated an alarm signal. Wheel fastener alarm 100 may alsoautomatically inform a user through the remote device that an alarmsignal has been initiated.

Additionally or alternatively, wheel fastener alarm 100 may include alow frequency receiver that receives a signal from a low frequencyinitiator associated with the tire pressure management system in thevehicle. The signal could instruct wheel fastener alarm 100 to arm ordisarm. For example, the presence of the vehicle's keyfob may bedetected by the tire pressure management system and the tire pressuremanagement system may then send a signal to wheel fastener alarm 100indicating the presence of the keyfob. Wheel fastener alarm 100 may thenautomatically disarm.

Additionally or alternatively, wheel fastener alarm 100 may be armed ordisarmed manually from inside the vehicle, such as by a switch, to allowremoval of the vehicle's wheels for any reason, such as tirereplacement, tire rotation, or tire repair. Additionally oralternatively, wheel fastener alarm 100 may be automatically armed afterthe vehicle is stationary for a predetermined time period, such as anumber of minutes or other time period.

Shock sensor 238 may detect if wheel fastener alarm 100 is being removedby force, such as being broken off with a strike bar used to shear offwheel nut 102. The shock may be sensed as an overdamped vibrationpresent on three axes (x, y, z). Tests show that the shock felt by wheelfastener alarm 100 from a strike bar or similar tampering force may lastapproximately 200 ms. Accordingly, shock sensor 238 may sample wheelfastener alarm 100 for force/vibration every 200 ms in order to detect atampering force/vibration. The duration of the sampling/detection timemay be extended based on ringing that may occur in wheel fastener alarm100 after the tampering force/vibration or may be extended based on thevibration that occurs after wheel fastener alarm 100 falls to the groundas a result of a tampering force/vibration. Using an accelerometer forshock sensor 238 may require a high power capacity if a force/vibrationsample is required approximately every 200 ms. Shock sensor 238 may berequired to consume very low power in order to extend the operating lifeof wheel fastener alarm 100. Accordingly, shock sensor 238 may be a ballbearing sensor, such as the SignalQuest SQ-MIN-200, that provides simpleswitch closures and is implemented carefully with interrupt pins.

Accelerometer 250 may detect tampering with wheel fastener alarm 100 bydetecting movement or a change in position of wheel nut 102. Processor228 may use sensor array 118, or some other means, to ascertain areference position of wheel nut 102, such as a position defined by X, Y,and Z coordinates, at the time wheel fastener alarm 100 is armed.Processor 228 may periodically ascertain the current position of wheelnut 102 and compare it to the reference position. Wheel fastener alarm100 may activate the vehicle alarm system if the current position doesnot match the reference position within a predefined amount.

Geomagnetic sensor 252 may detect tampering with wheel fastener alarm100 by detecting a change in the magnetic field around wheel nut 102.Geomagnetic sensor 252 may measure a reference magnetic field aroundwheel nut 102 at the time wheel fastener alarm 100 is armed. Processor228 may periodically compare a current magnetic field around wheel nut102 with the reference magnetic field to detect if a magnetic object,for example a lug wrench, is being applied to wheel nut 102. Wheelfastener alarm 100 may activate the vehicle alarm system if the currentmagnetic field differs from the reference magnetic field by a predefinedamount.

Temperature sensor 254 may detect tampering with wheel fastener alarm100 by detecting a change in temperature around wheel nut 102. Processor228 may periodically compare a current temperature measured bytemperature sensor 254 around wheel nut 102 with the referencetemperature to detect a change in temperature. A temperature change mayindicate that wheel nut 102 is being subjected to extreme temperaturesin an effort to remove wheel nut 102 from wheel stud 112, such as byheating wheel nut 102 up with a blowtorch or freezing wheel nut 102 withdry ice. Extreme temperature changes may make it easier to remove wheelnut 102 from wheel stud 112. Wheel fastener alarm 100 may activate thevehicle alarm system if the current temperature differs from thereference temperature by a predefined amount.

The arrangement and packaging of the components of sensor array 118 intowheel nut 102 are robust enough to provide protection to wheel fasteneralarm 100 such that wheel fastener alarm 100 can detect a tamperingforce/vibration and send a signal indicating a tampering force/vibrationis occurring before becoming irreparably damaged. For example, cap 108and cover 126 provide enough protection to the components within wheelnut 102 to detect a tampering force/vibration before wheel fasteneralarm 100 is rendered inoperable. The arrangement and packaging of thecomponents of sensor array 118 into wheel nut 102 are also robust enoughto prevent damage to wheel fastener alarm 100 and its components fromthe shock of an impact wrench being used to remove wheel fastener alarm100. Sensor array 118 may be seated within a plastic housing located inwheel nut 102 in order to easy assembly and to reduce the shock andvibration experienced by sensor array 118. Additionally oralternatively, a flexible potting compound or liquid silicon rubber maybe used for shock reduction.

An embodiment of wheel fastener alarm 100 cannot be disarmed by anyexternal command or communication method in order to prevent unintendeddisarming of the system, such as by hacking, tampering, or otheraltering of the system. Because this embodiment of wheel fastener alarm100 cannot be disarmed, an alarm condition of this embodiment of wheelfastener alarm 100 will only activate the vehicle alarm system if thevehicle alarm system is in the armed state. Accordingly, this embodimentof wheel fastener alarm 100 is always armed, but will only activate thevehicle alarm system if the vehicle alarm system is armed.

Referring to FIG. 3, FIG. 3A is a side cross-sectional view of anembodiment of wheel fastener alarm 300, including wheel nut 302, cap308, opening 327, and cover 326. FIG. 3B is an end view of wheelfastener alarm 300, showing cap 308 and cover 326. Wheel fastener alarm300 may include all the components and features of wheel fastener alarm100. Cover 326 may have a greater thickness at its center portion thanits edge portions to provide protection to components contained withinwheel nut 302. The dimensions shown in FIG. 3 may be varied to suit theapplication of wheel fastener alarm 300.

Referring to FIG. 4, FIG. 4A is an end view of an embodiment of wheelfastener alarm 400, including cap 408 and opening 427. FIG. 4B is a sideview of cap 408. FIG. 4C is an end view of cap 408 and opening 427.Wheel fastener alarm 400 may include all the components and features ofwheel fastener alarm 100. The dimensions shown in FIG. 4 may be variedto suit the application of wheel fastener alarm 400.

FIG. 5 is a schematic of a sensor array 518 of an embodiment of a wheelfastener alarm. Wheel fastener alarm 500 may include all the componentsand features of wheel fastener alarm 100. Sensor array 518 includes arigid-flex PCB assembly. Rigid PCB 540 may be positioned near wheel stud512 (not shown). Flex PCB 542 may be positioned near cover 526 (notshown) in order to optimize the performance of antenna 544. Processor528 may be located on rigid PCB 540. Sensor array 518 may utilize one ormore power supplies 532 to operate. FIG. 5 shows two power supplies 532located between rigid PCB 540 and flex PCB 542. The power supplies 532may be the same or different. For example, both power supplies 532 maybe CR1225 coin cell batteries. Power supply 532 may be any off the shelfor custom designed battery. Sensor array 518 may also include vibrationsensor 546. Vibration sensor 546 may combine the components and featuresof motion sensor 236 and shock sensor 238 discussed above. Vibrationsensor 546 may be a ball bearing switch. Sensor array 518 may include LF(low frequency) coil 548, which may, for example, be similar to aCoilcraft 4513TC-725XGLB RFID transponder coil.

FIG. 6 is a schematic of a sensor array 618 of an embodiment of a wheelfastener alarm. Wheel fastener alarm 600 may include all the componentsand features of wheel fastener alarm 500. Sensor array 618 may includeonly a rigid PCB 640 and may not include a flex PCB. Sensor array 618may include sensor 650. Sensor 650 may be any type of sensor used todetect attributes related to wheel nut 102, such as, for example, a studposition/location sensor, a motion sensor, a shock sensor, anacceleration sensor, a geomagnetic sensor, and a temperature sensor. Theother components of sensor array 618 may be the same as sensor array518.

FIG. 7 shows a flow chart of a method 700 of operating a wheel fasteneralarm. The wheel fastener alarm used in conjunction with method 700 mayhave the same components and features as wheel fastener alarm 100. Theflow of method 700 may begin with step 760 by installing a wheelfastener alarm onto a wheel stud, such as by interlocking the threads onthe wheel nut in the wheel fastener alarm with the corresponding threadson the wheel stud. Step 762 may include activating the sensor array inthe wheel fastener alarm. Step 764 may include detecting an attribute todetermine an alarm condition related to the wheel stud. Attributes mayinclude the position of the wheel stud within the wheel nut, anacceleration value of the wheel nut, a magnetic field around the wheelnut, shock value of wheel nut, a vibration value of the wheel nut on thewheel stud, or a temperature of the wheel nut. Step 766 may includesending a signal from the wheel fastener alarm to the vehicle's alarmsystem regarding the status of the wheel stud within the wheel nut. Thestatus may be determined by comparing the detected attribute with areference value. Step 768 may include sounding the vehicle's alarmsystem if the status indicates that the detected attribute is outside apredetermined deviation from the reference value. The alarm may indicatethat the wheel stud is not within the wheel nut. Such an alarm mayindicate that the wheel of the vehicle is being stolen.

Methods or processes may be implemented, for example, using a processorand/or instructions or programs stored in a memory. Specific componentsof the disclosed embodiments may include additional or differentcomponents. A processor may be implemented as a microprocessor,microcontroller, application specific integrated circuit (ASIC),discrete logic, or a combination of other types of circuits or logic.Similarly, memories may be DRAM, SRAM, Flash, or any other type ofmemory. Parameters, databases, and other data structures may beseparately stored and managed, may be incorporated into a single memoryor database, or may be logically and physically organized in manydifferent ways. Programs or instruction sets may be parts of a singleprogram, separate programs, or distributed across several memories andprocessors.

While various embodiments of the invention have been described, it willbe apparent to those of ordinary skill in the art that many moreembodiments and implementations are possible within the scope of theinvention. Accordingly, the invention is not to be restricted except inlight of the attached claims and their equivalents.

The invention claimed is:
 1. A wheel fastener alarm comprising: afastener body having a top portion defining a wrenching surface and acavity having a cavity opening, the fastener body having a bottomportion with a threaded portion configured to attach to, and detachfrom, a wheel of a vehicle; a sensor array disposed in the cavity of thefastener body, the sensor array comprising: a sensor configured todetect an attribute of the fastener body and generate outputinformation, a processor configured to generate a signal based on theoutput information, and a transmitter configured to send the signal to aremote location; a cap formed of stainless steel secured to the topportion of the fastener body and covering the wrenching surface and thecavity opening hereby enclosing the sensor array in the cavity.
 2. Thewheel fastener alarm of claim 1, wherein the sensor is a ball bearingswitch.
 3. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 1, wherein the sensor is anaccelerometer.
 4. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 1, wherein theremote location is an alarm system located in the vehicle to which thewheel fastener is attached.
 5. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 1,wherein the sensor array further comprises a geomagnetic sensorconfigured to detect a change in a magnetic field around the fastenerbody.
 6. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 1, further comprising a powersupply configured to power the sensor, the processor, and thetransmitter.
 7. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 1, further comprisinga low frequency receiver configured to activate the sensor array uponreceipt of a signal indicating that a vehicle keyfob is not near thevehicle.
 8. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 1, wherein the sensor is ashock sensor configured to detect a vibrational shock comprising anoverdamped vibration.
 9. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 8, whereinthe shock sensor is configured to detect the overdamped vibration onthree axes (x, y, z).
 10. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 8, whereinthe shock sensor is configured to sample at time periods of at leastapproximately 200 milliseconds to sense for the overdamped vibration.11. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 10, wherein the time periods areeach greater than 200 milliseconds by an amount dependent on vibrationoccurring in the wheel fastener alarm after the overdamped vibration.12. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 10, wherein the time periods areeach greater than 200 milliseconds by an amount dependent on vibrationoccurring in the wheel fastener alarm upon detaching from the vehicleand falling to a ground.
 13. The wheel fastener alarm of claim 1,wherein the processor is configured to activate a vehicle alarm systemin response to a temperature change reaching a predefined amount. 14.The wheel fastener alarm of claim 13, wherein the temperature changecorresponds to an increase from a reference temperature in response tothe fastener body being heated.
 15. The wheel fastener alarm of claim13, wherein the temperature change corresponds to a decrease from areference temperature in response to the fastener body being frozen. 16.A wheel fastener alarm comprising: a fastener body having a top portionwith a wrenching surface and a cavity having a distal opening, thefastener body having a bottom portion with a threaded portion configuredto attach to, and detach from, a wheel of a vehicle; a cap secured tothe top portion of the fastener body and covering the wrenching surfaceand the distal opening of the cavity; a sensor array disposed in thecavity of the fastener body, the sensor array comprising: a sensorconfigured to detect an attribute of the fastener body and generateoutput information, a processor configured to generate a signal based onthe output information, and a transmitter configured to send the signalto a remote location, wherein the sensory array is configured toautomatically engage after the vehicle associated with the fastener bodyis stationary for a predetermined time period.
 17. The wheel fasteneralarm of claim 16, wherein the sensor array further comprises a motionsensor, wherein the motion sensor is configured to detect when the wheelfastener alarm is moving, wherein the sensor is disabled when the motionsensor detects the wheel fastener alarm is moving.
 18. The wheelfastener alarm of claim 16, wherein the cap is formed of stainlesssteel.
 19. A wheel fastener alarm comprising: a fastener nut body havinga top portion with a wrenching surface, wherein a cavity extendslongitudinally through the nut body having a distal opening along thetop portion and the cavity having an internal threaded portion along abottom portion of the nut body configured to attach to, and detach from,a wheel of a vehicle; a cap formed of stainless steel and secured to thetop portion of the nut body and covering the wrenching surface and thecavity opening; a sensor array disposed in the cavity of the fastenerbody, the sensor array comprising: a sensor configured to detect anattribute of the fastener nut body and generate output information, aprocessor configured to generate a signal based on the outputinformation, and a transmitter configured to send the signal to a remotelocation.